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ما هي إنفلونزا الخنازير؟
هي من أمراض الجهاز التنفسي في الخنازير التي تسببها فيروس الانفلونزا من نوع A بانتظام على مدار العام مؤدية إلى حدوث أوبة بين الخنازير ذات معدلات مراضة عالية ومعدلات وفيات منخفضة. وقد تم عزل أول فيروس إنفلونزا يصيب الخنازير من نوع (H1N1) عام 1930.
ما هو عدد فيروسات انفلونزا الخنازير؟
هناك أربع فيروسات رئيسية تم عزلها في الخنازير:
H3N1, H3N2, H1N2, H1N1 وشأنه شأن كل الفيروسات الانفلونزا, إنفلونزا الخنازير يتغير باستمرار ولكن تم مؤخرا عزل فيروس H1N1.
هل يمكن للبشر التقاط إنفلونزا الخنازير؟
عادة لا تصيب البشر ولكن حدثت حالات إصابة بين البشر نتيجة التعرض المباشر للخنازير المصابة للمزارعين والعاملين والأطفال, وأيضا ثبت انتقال المرض من الشخص المصاب إلى الآخرين.
ما هي أعراض إنفلونزا الخنازير في البشر؟
هي مشابهة لأعراض الإنفلونزا الموسمية عند البشر وتشمل: الحمى والسعال, سيلان الأنف, احتقان الحلق, الغثيان والاقياء والإسهال, والخمول, وانعدام الشهية.
كيف تنتشر إنفلونزا الخنازير؟
تحدث العدوى نتيجة مخالطة الشخص للخنازير المصابة, وكذلك ينتقل المرض من شخص إلى آخر عن طريق السعال والعطاس وأيضا عند ملامسة الفم والأنف والأغشية المخاطية الملوثة بالفيروس.
كيف يمكن تشخيص إنفلونزا الخنازير؟
يتم التشخيص مخبريا عن طريق أخذ عينات من الجهاز التنفسي (بلعوميه أنفية) بين اليوم الرابع والخامس من المرض وفحصها عن طريق RT-PCR أو زرع الفيروس.
ما هي الأدوية التي تستخدم لعلاج إنفلونزا الخنازير في الإنسان؟
هناك أربعة أنواع مختلفة من الأدوية المضادة للفيروسات لعلاج إنفلونزا الخنازير:
أمانتادين, ريمانتدين, أوسيلتاميفير,و زاناميفير. وهناك مقاومة لعقاري الامانتدين والريمانتدين.
هل فيروس H1N1 في الخنازير نفس فيروسات H1N1 البشرية؟
لا, هي مختلفة تماما في تركيبتها الجينية وبالتالي لقاح الانفلونزا الموسمي لن يوفر الحماية من فيروس H1N1 الخنازير.
هل يوجد لقاح لإنفلونزا الخنازير؟
تتوفر لقاحات للخنازير لمنع إنفلونزا الخنازير ولا يوجد لقاح لحماية البشر من إنفلونزا الخنازير, حيث أن لقاح الإنفلونزا الموسمي يساعد على توفير حماية جزئية ضد H3N2 الخنازيري ولا يوفر حماية ضد H1N1 الخنازيري.
Can humans catch swine flu?
Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (e.g. children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry). In addition, there have been documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.
How common is swine flu infection in humans?
In the past, CDC received reports of approximately one human swine influenza virus infection every one to two years in the U.S., but from December 2005 through February 2009, 12 cases of human infection with swine influenza have been reported.
What are the symptoms of swine flu in humans?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
How does swine flu spread?
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
What do we know about human-to-human spread of swine flu?
In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. A swine H1N1 flu virus was detected. Four days before getting sick, the patient visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenza-like illness among the swine.
In follow-up studies, 76% of swine exhibitors tested had antibody evidence of swine flu infection but no serious illnesses were detected among this group. Additional studies suggest that one to three health care personnel who had contact with the patient developed mild influenza-like illnesses with antibody evidence of swine flu infection.
How can human infections with swine influenza be diagnosed?
To diagnose swine influenza A infection, a respiratory specimen would generally need to be collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness (when an infected person is most likely to be shedding virus). However, some persons, especially children, may shed virus for 10 days or longer. Identification as a swine flu influenza A virus requires sending the specimen to CDC for laboratory testing.
What medications are available to treat swine flu infections in humans?
There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. At this time, CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.
What other examples of swine flu outbreaks are there?
Probably the most well known is an outbreak of swine flu among soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey in 1976. The virus caused disease with x-ray evidence of pneumonia in at least 4 soldiers and 1 death; all of these patients had previously been healthy. The virus was transmitted to close contacts in a basic training environment, with limited transmission outside the basic training group. The virus is thought to have circulated for a month and disappeared. The source of the virus, the exact time of its introduction into Fort Dix, and factors limiting its spread and duration are unknown. The Fort Dix outbreak may have been caused by introduction of an animal virus into a stressed human population in close contact in crowded facilities during the winter. The swine influenza A virus collected from a Fort Dix soldier was named A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1).
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